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Visualizing the Cost Function for the Model with Bias Term
Model Definition Size (sq ft) Price ($1000s) 1000 230.0 1500 330.0 2000 430.0 2500 530.0 3000 630.0 Case-1 Consider the model: This model consistently underestimates housing prices when above training dataset considered Figure 1: Figure 2 shows the cost function as a 3D surface: Figure 3 presents a contour plot of the cost function : Case-2 Consider the… Continue reading
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Understanding the Cost Function in Linear Regression
Overview In linear regression, we aim to model the relationship between input features and output targets using a linear function. The performance of this model is evaluated using a cost function, which quantifies the error between predicted and actual values. Model Definition Cost Function The cost function measures the average squared error between the predicted… Continue reading
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Linear Regression: the Cost Function
Linear regression is one of the simplest and most widely used algorithms in machine learning. It models the relationship between a single input feature (e.g., size of a house in square meters) and a continuous target value (e.g., price of the house in USD) by fitting a straight line to the data. A supervised learning… Continue reading
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Linear Regression with One Variable: Part-2
Supervised machine learning aims to learn a function that maps input features to output targets using a training dataset. This dataset consists of pairs of inputs and corresponding true outputs . The learning algorithm uses this data to produce a function , which can then be used to make predictions on new, unseen inputs. The… Continue reading
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Linear Regression with One Variable: Part-1
Linear regression is one of the most fundamental algorithms in machine learning. It models the relationship between a dependent variable y and a single independent variable x. In this example, we aim to predict the price of a flat (in dollars) based on its size in square meters. Model Representation The mathematical model for linear… Continue reading
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Unsupervised Machine Learning
Unlike supervised learning, unsupervised machine learning works with unlabeled data. That means while the dataset contains input features, it does not include corresponding output labels. The goal is for the algorithm to discover hidden patterns, groupings, or structures within the data on its own. Understanding with an Example Imagine a dataset of cancer patient records.… Continue reading
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Supervised Machine Learning
Supervised Machine Learning is a core branch of machine learning where algorithms learn to map inputs (X) to known outputs or labels (Y). The key idea is to train the model using labeled data—examples that include both the input and the correct output—so it learns the relationship between the two. By repeatedly analyzing these input-output… Continue reading
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Price-to-Free-Cash-Flow Ratios: A Cash Lens on Entertainment Giants
When it comes to valuing companies in the entertainment industry, price-to-free-cash-flow (P/FCF) ratios offer a powerful perspective. Unlike earnings-based metrics, P/FCF zeroes in on real cash generation—a crucial factor for companies navigating content investments, ticket sales, and streaming wars. Let’s take a look at how Electronic Arts (EA), Live Nation (LYV), Netflix (NFLX), and Paramount… Continue reading
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How to Print a Vector in C++ with a Loop (Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners)
🌟 Exploring C++ Step by Step: Printing a Vector with Style Whether you’re just diving into C++ or brushing up on some fundamentals, this simple code snippet is a great example of using standard libraries, vectors, strings, and loops. Let’s walk through it together and understand each piece! 🧠 The Goal We want to: 🧱… Continue reading
About Me
My name is Cenk, and I am an economist. I write on this internet site on economics, econometrics, finance, value-investing, programming, calculus, basketball, history, foods, books, self-improvement, well-being and productivity. This internet site is a personal blog, and the posts reflect my personal views and do not represent where I have been working.
For my academic works, please visit this site: https://cenkufukyildiran.academia.edu/
Posts related to financial markets, trading, investing and similar posts are not for financial advice purposes.